International Journal of Scientific Research in Civil Engineering
Submit Paper Now! International Journal of Scientific Research in Civil Engineering (IJSRCE) is peer-reviewed, online international journal published Bimonthly by Technoscience Academy. IJSRSCE is a highly-selective journal, covering topics that appeal to a broad readership in various branches of Civil Engineering and related fields. The journal has many benefits, all geared toward strengthening research skills and advancing academic careers. Journal publications are a vital part of academic career advancement. To maintain a high-quality journal, manuscripts that appear in the IJSRSCE Articles section have been subjected to a rigorous review process. This includes blind reviews by one or more members of the international editorial review board, followed by a detailed review by the IJSRCE editors. DOI : [DOI : https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRCE] Email addresses for submitting articles are editor@ijsrce.com, ijsrce@gmail.com JOURNAL INFORMATION Title : International Journal of Scientific Research in Civil Engineering Frequency : Bimonthly E-ISSN : 2456-6667 Publisher : Technoscience Academy [ https://technoscienceacademy.com ] Refereed : Peer Review Copyright : Technoscience Academy, India Starting Year : 2016 Subject : Civil Engineering (Structures; Geotechnics; Transportation; Environment; Earthquakes; Water Resources and more) Language : English Distribution : Open Access Publication Format : PDF & HTML -> Online Document Identifier Type : DOI (https://doi.org/10.32628/IJSRCE ) Email Id : editor@ijsrce.com, ijsrce@gmail.com Mobile No. : +91-8160745806 (WhatsApp support only) Website : https://ijsrce.com
Comparative Evaluation of Depth-Damage Estimation Approaches Using High-Resolution Building Inventory Data and Hydraulic Model Outputs
Accurate estimation of flood-induced economic losses remains a critical challenge in flood risk assessment due to uncertainties associated with vulnerability modeling and exposure representation. This study presents a comparative evaluation of depth-damage estimation approaches by integrating high-resolution building inventory data with hydraulic model outputs. A two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was developed to simulate spatial flood depth distributions, which were subsequently intersected with structure-level building datasets to enable object-based damage assessment. Three depth-damage estimation approaches were evaluated: an empirical curve model, a parametric relative damage function, and a multi-parameter vulnerability model incorporating structural attributes. Model performance was assessed using statistical metrics including Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), bias ratio, and sensitivity analysis under controlled hydraulic depth perturbations. Results indicate that high-resolution exposure data significantly influence loss estimation magnitude and spatial distribution, reducing aggregation bias commonly observed in traditional approaches. Depth-only formulations were found to systematically overestimate damages under shallow flooding conditions, while the multi-parameter model demonstrated improved robustness and reduced sensitivity to hydraulic uncertainty. Comparative analysis further revealed that vulnerability formulation contributes substantially to overall uncertainty in flood loss prediction, often exceeding hydraulic modeling variability. The findings highlight the importance of integrating asset-level exposure datasets and locally calibrated vulnerability relationships for reliable economic loss estimation. The proposed framework provides methodological guidance for flood risk practitioners, supports improved disaster loss accounting, and contributes to resilience-oriented urban planning. Future research directions include adaptive artificial intelligence–based damage functions and real-time digital twin systems for dynamic flood loss estimation.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sensitivity Analysis of Hydraulic Roughness and Boundary Conditions in 2D HEC-RAS Models for Urbanizing Basins
Rapid urbanization alters watershed hydrodynamics by increasing impervious surface coverage, reducing infiltration capacity, and modifying natural flow pathways, thereby intensifying flood risks in developing urban basins. Two-dimensional (2D) hydraulic models, particularly HEC-RAS 2D, provide advanced capabilities for simulating spatially distributed flood processes; however, model outputs remain highly sensitive to hydraulic parameterization and boundary condition assumptions. This study presents a structured sensitivity analysis of hydraulic roughness and boundary conditions in a 2D HEC-RAS framework applied to an urbanizing watershed. Spatially distributed Manning’s roughness coefficients were assigned based on land-use classification, while multiple upstream discharge and downstream normal-depth scenarios were evaluated through a scenario matrix. Sensitivity was quantified using local and normalized sensitivity indices to assess parameter influence on maximum water depth, velocity magnitude, and flood extent area. Results indicate that hydraulic roughness is the dominant control on inundation depth and spatial flooding patterns, whereas upstream discharge primarily governs velocity response and downstream boundary conditions regulate backwater effects. Interaction analysis reveals nonlinear coupling between resistance and boundary forcing, demonstrating that parameter effects are not independent. The findings highlight key sources of uncertainty in urban flood modeling and provide engineering guidance for calibration prioritization and improved flood risk assessment. Recommendations include incorporation of time-varying roughness, coupling with rainfall–runoff models, and integration with real-time forecasting systems to enhance predictive reliability in rapidly urbanizing environments.
Improving Engineering Properties of Soil for Seismic Resistance
Earthquakes pose substantial threats to buildings and infrastructures, human life, and economic stability, particularly in areas with susceptible soil conditions. Liquefaction of soil, lateral spreading, differential settlement, and amplification of seismic waves are amongst the most damaging geotechnical phenomena caused by seismic events. Soil improvement techniques have developed as important engineering solutions to improve the mechanical properties of soils and mitigate seismic hazards. This paper presents the fundamental principles, methodologies and applications of soil improvement. The advantages, and limitations of various soil improvement techniques employed for seismic risk reduction have been discussed. Importance is placed on ground densification, grouting, reinforcement, drainage enhancement, and innovative methods such as microbial-induced calcite precipitation (MICP) and geosynthetics. Case studies and current research findings are presented to validate the effectiveness of these techniques in practical seismic environments. The paper concludes with recommendations for combined site-specific approaches and future research directions.
Cascading Failure Modes in Model-as-a-Service Architectures : When Your Dependencies Think
Following an increased move towards machine learning becoming a runtime dependency of contemporary software systems, the Model-as-a-Service (MaaS) architecture is subjected to a new category of systemic risks where failure at one component propagates across decision-making when it comes to systems. In contrast to the failure of standard microservices, failure modes in services that rely on machine learning can silently propagate throughout workflows, multiplying uncertainty, reducing the quality of decisions, and destabilizing downstream services. In this study, the authors investigated the cascading failure modes of MaaS architectures and stated that resilience should be explicitly designed based on intelligent dependencies. Based on cascading failure theory, service-oriented architectures, and critical infrastructure systems, this study conceptualizes how a combination of data inconsistencies, variability in model behavior, orchestration misalignment, and the disruptive behavior of infrastructure amplify failure. This article proposes a resilience-based architectural viewpoint that revolves around circuit breakers, fallback plans, and graceful degradation systems that are specific to machine-learning-reliant systems. Circuit breakers are re-conceptualized as resilience to erratic inference behavior and delays in decision-making; fallback strategies are re-conceptualized as goal-preserving, which does not lead to dramatic service outages but gradual decay in decision faithfulness; and graceful degradation is re-conceptualized as a controlled decline in decision faithfulness as opposed to a sudden crash in the service
Copyright (c) 2023 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Detailed Finite Element Analysis of Internal Forces and Serviceability in a High-Rise RC Building: A Case Study in Vietnam
The accurate prediction of internal forces is paramount for the safe and efficient design of high-rise reinforced concrete (RC) structures. This study presents a comprehensive finite element analysis of a ten-story RC building in Vietnam, focusing on internal forces, serviceability limits, and reinforcement design compliant with TCVN 5574:2018. A detailed three-dimensional model was developed in ETABS, incorporating dead, live, wall, and wind loads. The analysis confirmed that the structural system satisfies the code's lateral drift requirement, with a maximum roof displacement of 0.088 m being less than the allowable limit of h/500 (0.076 m). Critical internal forces were identified, revealing a maximum negative moment of 537.38 kNm at a first-floor beam support—44% higher than the maximum mid-span moment—highlighting the necessity for distinct reinforcement detailing at supports. Column C29, for instance, was subjected to an axial load of -6092 kN and a significant uniaxial moment of -258.47 kNm, characteristic of an edge column. Reinforcement designs for beams and columns were derived and found to be within code-specified limits. This case study demonstrates the efficacy of finite element modeling for the design of multistory buildings and provides a validated, practical reference for engineers applying TCVN standards in similar regional contexts.
Thermodynamic Efficiency and Control Strategies in Residential Air Conditioning Systems
The global rise in residential energy demand, primarily driven by the growing reliance on air-conditioning systems, underscores the urgent need to enhance thermodynamic efficiency and control mechanisms to promote sustainable cooling practices. This study critically examined the efficiency performance, control strategies, and policy dimensions influencing the operation and optimization of residential cooling systems. Using a qualitative analytical approach supported by extensive literature synthesis, the research evaluated fundamental thermodynamic principles, explored advanced control technologies, assessed economic feasibility, and reviewed policy frameworks shaping energy efficiency in both developed and developing regions. The analysis revealed that the integration of intelligent control systems—such as predictive, adaptive, and fuzzy logic-based approaches—significantly improves operational stability, energy conservation, and occupant comfort compared to conventional control mechanisms. Moreover, the incorporation of renewable energy sources, particularly solar-assisted and geothermal systems, further enhances system sustainability while mitigating carbon emissions. Findings from the economic evaluation demonstrated that, although initial investment costs remain substantial, lifecycle cost savings and reduced grid dependency justify the adoption of advanced efficiency technologies. However, the study identified critical barriers, including limited policy enforcement, inadequate technical capacity, and insufficient consumer awareness, particularly in African contexts such as Nigeria. The research concludes that achieving optimal performance in residential cooling requires a multidimensional approach integrating technological innovation, economic viability, and robust governance frameworks. It recommends the localization of international efficiency standards, capacity-building programs for HVAC professionals, and stronger incentive mechanisms to accelerate the diffusion of smart and renewable-based cooling systems. Collectively, these measures present a pathway toward sustainable, adaptive, and energy-resilient residential environments globally.
Copyright (c) 2019 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vibration-Based Condition Monitoring of Rotating Machinery Using LabVIEW
This study explores the transformative role of intelligent monitoring systems in advancing predictive maintenance, operational reliability, and data-driven engineering decision-making within complex industrial environments. The purpose of the research was to examine how contemporary automation tools, data analytics frameworks, and real-time visualization platforms can collectively redefine machinery health assessment and fault prediction. Adopting a comprehensive analytical approach, the study integrates theoretical underpinnings of vibration analysis with modern sensor technologies, signal processing methods, and artificial intelligence-driven diagnostic models to develop a holistic understanding of system behavior. The investigation employed a multidisciplinary synthesis of literature, emphasizing the integration of programmable virtual instrumentation, cloud computing, and intelligent data visualization as enablers of autonomous diagnostics. The findings reveal that intelligent software environments significantly enhance the accuracy and responsiveness of condition monitoring through seamless data acquisition, high-fidelity signal interpretation, and real-time visualization. Furthermore, the research identifies the growing influence of blockchain, predictive analytics, and cybersecurity frameworks in improving transparency, compliance, and data integrity within monitoring networks. While challenges such as implementation costs, data complexity, and skill limitations persist, the study underscores the potential of adaptive algorithms and workforce training initiatives to mitigate these constraints. The conclusions affirm that integrating advanced analytics with intelligent monitoring frameworks represents a decisive shift toward sustainable, self-optimizing industrial operations. The study recommends strategic investments in artificial intelligence, workforce development, and ethical data governance to ensure reliability, resilience, and environmental alignment. By harmonizing automation with human expertise, industries can transition from reactive maintenance to predictive intelligence, achieving greater efficiency, sustainability, and long-term competitiveness.
Analysis of Traffic Congestion in a Network of Roads at the Calabar Effio-Ette Intersection at the Microscopic Level
Traffic congestion is a serious problem that needs immediate attention from transportation engineers, and planners, to ascertain the likely problems encountered by road users in the course of their travel within Calabar, which is a result of the configuration of the road network, beaming a searchlight on the Effio-Ete junction axis. Performance measures were chosen, including traffic count, delay studies, origin and destination study, travel time, network performance, average speed, travel delay, and individual link performance. These performance measures were compared with the base count, and the traffic management option was observed to perform better vis-a-vis other alternatives. This study also suggests a methodology for measuring micro-level traffic characteristics in the congested corridor/location. The output of the descriptive statistics and Anderson-Darling normality test, show an output, of the mean of pe2 (Xpe=0.016685), standard deviation (Spe=0.009873) and skewness of 0.724322. The P-value=0.475>α=0.05 suggests that we do not need the null hypothesis of the pe2 which is normally distributed. Hence, we can conclude that the data is approximately and normally distributed with a 95% confidence interval of (0.007554, 0.025816). Minitab software was used for the nonlinear interpolation to calculate the confidence interval for the true median. This method gave a good approximation for a wide variety of symmetric distributions. The small Anderson-Darling values indicate that the distribution fits the data better.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Soil Nutrient Dynamics and Their Influence on Shea Nut Productivity and Butter Quality
Shea tree–based agroforestry systems play a vital role in rural livelihoods and global vegetable fat markets, yet productivity and butter quality remain highly variable across savanna landscapes. This study investigates the influence of soil nutrient dynamics on shea nut productivity and shea butter physicochemical quality in selected shea parklands. Using a cross-sectional comparative field design, soil samples were collected beneath mature shea trees and analyzed for macronutrients, secondary nutrients, micronutrients, organic carbon, pH, cation exchange capacity, and texture. Shea nut yield indicators, including nut weight, yield per tree, and kernel recovery rate, were quantified, while butter extracted using a standardized procedure was evaluated for fat content, free fatty acid value, peroxide value, moisture content, color, and texture. The results reveal pronounced spatial variability in soil fertility, with widespread deficiencies in nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon. These soil constraints were strongly associated with reduced nut yield, lower butter fat content, and elevated free fatty acid and peroxide values. Conversely, soils with improved nutrient status produced butter with higher fat yield, better stability, and greater market acceptability. The findings demonstrate that soil fertility is a key determinant of both agronomic performance and product quality in shea systems. The study highlights the importance of soil health–centered management strategies for improving processing efficiency, strengthening shea value chains, and enhancing the sustainability of savanna agroforestry systems.
Copyright (c) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Characterization and Suitability Assessment of Construction and Demolition Waste for Bitumen Incorporation in Sustainable Pavement Construction
The rapid growth of infrastructure development has led to a substantial increase in construction and demolition waste (CDW), creating serious environmental and disposal challenges. At the same time, road construction relies heavily on bitumen and natural aggregates, the extraction of which contributes significantly to environmental degradation. This study focuses on the characterization of construction and demolition waste and evaluates its suitability for incorporation into bitumen mixtures for sustainable pavement applications. Major categories of CDW, including concrete waste, asphalt waste, brick waste, and plastic waste, are examined based on their physical, mechanical, and compositional properties. The study relies on systematic material characterization, supported by standard laboratory tests and qualitative performance assessment reported in the dissertation. The findings indicate that selected CDW materials possess adequate strength, durability, and compatibility with bitumen when properly processed. Crushed concrete and recycled asphalt show high potential as aggregate replacements, while processed plastic waste enhances binding and deformation resistance. The study concludes that construction and demolition waste, when adequately characterized and controlled, can be effectively utilized in bitumen layers, contributing to sustainable road construction and circular economy practices.
Study of Steel Plates with Same Chemical Composition and Varying Thickness
In this paper the difference between steel plates with similar composition of alloying steel but varying thickness are compared by changing their thickness but similar chemical composition to check the difference between their strength and their elongation. The steel plates are high strength low alloy steel the change is done by altering the percentage of alloying elements in steel and then by Universal Testing Machine their strength and elongation is measured. The tests are performed to measure Elongation, Ultimate Tensile Strength and Yield Strength. The sample used were model specimens for steel plates provided by Bhilai Steel Plant.
Investigation on the Structural Behaviour of Steel-Encased and Concrete-Confined Composite Columns in Frames
In this research the behavior of frame with concrete-confined steel composite column is studied. In turn, three dimensional (3D) finite element nonlinear model is used for analysis of inelastic behavior of concrete, steel, longitudinal reinforcements, transverse reinforcements and also the effect of concrete confinement for concrete- confined steel composite columns and the modeling procedure is performed by ABAQUS software. Three types of frame composed of concrete-confined steel composite columns with SRC beam, steel section beam, and reinforced concrete beam are modeled and the effects of parameters of compressive strengths of concrete and yield tension of steel section on the frame behavior and strength are studied for each one of these three frames. The results show that increasing these two parameters improves and increases the behavior of frame and its strength. The effect of increasing compressive strengths of concrete for SRC beam frame and also the effect of increasing yield tension of steel section is more pronounced for steel section frame, while increasing both parameters for reinforced concrete beam frame has almost identical effect on increasing and improving the frame behavior.
Bamboo Reinforcement as Sustainable Alternate to Steel in Concrete
As the construction industry shifts toward more sustainable practices, bamboo is gaining attention as a viable alternative to steel reinforcement. With its impressive tensile strength, fast growth cycle, and renewable nature, bamboo presents a compelling option for reinforcing concrete structures. Researchers and engineers are actively exploring its potential not only in structural applications but also across various domains of building construction.
Structural and Thermal Behavior of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Facades in High-Rise Urban Buildings in Philadelphia
This paper presents a comprehensive review of the structural and thermal behavior of Building-Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) facades in high-rise urban buildings, with a focused consideration of conditions in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The study examines how BIPV systems interact with the unique mechanical, thermal, and environmental loads encountered in dense urban environments. Structurally, it explores the integration of photovoltaic modules into high-rise facades, evaluating aspects such as mounting systems, cladding replacement, material compatibility, and long-term fatigue performance. Thermally, the review investigates solar radiation absorption, facade ventilation strategies, and the coupling effects between PV modules and the building envelope that influence both energy yield and indoor comfort. Particular attention is given to the Philadelphia urban context, where factors such as local wind profiles, urban heat island effects, shading from surrounding buildings, and microclimatic variations strongly affect facade performance. The synthesis identifies key research gaps, including the lack of long-term structural monitoring, insufficient data on coupled thermal mechanical effects, and the need for predictive deterioration models incorporating high-resolution environmental data. Future research directions emphasize the development of hybrid predictive models that combine mechanistic and data-driven approaches, the integration of real-time monitoring and adaptive inspection scheduling, and the exploration of digital twin frameworks for predictive maintenance and performance optimization. The paper concludes by highlighting the potential of Risk-Based Inspection (RBI) methodologies to enhance safety, economic efficiency, and operational reliability in the lifecycle management of BIPV facade systems. Collectively, this review provides a foundation for advancing sustainable, resilient, and intelligent facade technologies suited to modern high-rise applications in Philadelphia and similar urban environments.
Building-Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPV)
Non-Destructive Evaluation of Concrete: From Surface Hardness to Corrosion Detection
Non-destructive testing (NDT) methods are increasingly being used to assess the strength, uniformity, and durability of concrete structures. This paper reviews the most successful NDT methods for concrete, discussing their principles, applications, limitations, and interpretation. Surface hardness methods, such as the Schmidt Rebound Hammer test, estimate concrete strength by measuring the rebound of a plunger striking the surface. Penetration resistance methods, like the Windsor probe system, measure the depth of penetration of a probe shot into the concrete. Pull-out and pull-off tests measure the force required to extract an embedded insert or pull off a surface disc, respectively, to estimate strength. Resonant frequency methods use the natural vibration of concrete to determine its elastic properties and strength. The maturity method estimates early-age strength by monitoring the temperature history of the concrete during curing. Permeation tests, such as the rapid chloride permeability test, assess the ability of concrete to resist the ingress of deleterious substances. Ultrasonic pulse velocity and impact-echo methods use stress waves to detect internal flaws, cracks, and delamination’s. Half-cell potential measurements are used to assess the corrosion risk of embedded steel reinforcement. The successful application of these methods requires an understanding of the principles underlying the test methods, the factors influencing the test results, and the limitations of the methods. Establishing reliable correlations between NDT results and concrete properties for specific mix designs and testing conditions is essential for accurate interpretation. Advances in sensor technology, data analysis techniques, and multisensory data fusion are expected to enhance the capabilities and reliability of NDT methods for concrete structures in the future.
Conceptual Model for Integrating Field Compaction Data into Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Systems
The quality of field compaction plays a critical role in the structural performance and durability of pavements. Variability in compaction can lead to significant differences in layer stiffness, permanent deformation, fatigue resistance, and overall pavement service life. Traditional mechanistic–empirical (M–E) pavement design frameworks often rely on laboratory-measured material properties and assume uniform construction quality, limiting their ability to account for in-situ variability. This study proposes a conceptual model for integrating field compaction data directly into M–E design systems, enabling more accurate and performance-based pavement predictions. The model incorporates compaction measurements from nuclear density gauges, intelligent compaction (IC) systems, and roller-integrated measurement systems (RIMS) into constitutive models of stabilized soils and granular layers. These field-derived inputs adjust stress–strain relationships, resilient modulus, and permanent deformation parameters to reflect actual construction conditions. A layered architecture is proposed, including an input layer for field data, a mechanistic analysis layer for structural response simulation, a performance prediction layer for fatigue, rutting, and serviceability evaluation, and an optimization layer for adaptive design and life-cycle cost assessment. Feedback loops from real-time monitoring and post-construction performance data facilitate continuous refinement and calibration of the model. Integration with digital twins, sensor networks, and machine learning algorithms is highlighted to enhance predictive accuracy and enable adaptive maintenance planning. Case studies across highways, urban roads, and heavy-duty pavements demonstrate the potential of the framework to improve performance prediction, reduce maintenance interventions, and enhance construction quality control. The proposed conceptual model provides a pathway toward more resilient, cost-effective, and sustainable pavement infrastructure by explicitly incorporating field compaction variability into mechanistic–empirical design methodologies.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Vertical Resilience: Adaptive Structural Design in Super-Tall Skyscrapers under Climate Extremes
The study investigates the evolving paradigm of vertical resilience in super-tall skyscrapers, emphasising the necessity of adaptive structural design under intensifying climate extremes. It seeks to conceptualise resilience not merely as resistance to environmental loads but as a dynamic, intelligent capacity for adaptation, recovery, and transformation. Using a comprehensive review-based methodology, the research synthesises literature across structural engineering, material science, biomimicry, and environmental design to construct an integrated framework that addresses the interplay between technology, architecture, and sustainability in the vertical built environment. Findings reveal that the evolution of tall building systems—from rigid steel frames to advanced diagrids, outrigger frameworks, and aerodynamic forms—marks a critical shift from static efficiency to responsive adaptability. Biomimetic and bio-inspired approaches, modelled on nature’s inherent resilience, were identified as vital for developing façades and structural systems capable of autonomous regulation and energy balance. Furthermore, technological innovations such as nanoengineered composites, intelligent façades, and data-driven predictive models demonstrate that modern skyscrapers can evolve into self-monitoring ecosystems, equipped to mitigate wind, heat, and seismic impacts. The study also highlights that in developing contexts, particularly in Africa, implementing resilience requires not only technical innovation but also policy integration, contextual design, and capacity-building initiatives. The research concludes that achieving vertical resilience demands interdisciplinary synthesis—merging material intelligence, digital modelling, and ecological sensitivity. It recommends the adoption of resilience-based codes, predictive design tools, and adaptive materials to future-proof super-tall skyscrapers. Ultimately, the study argues that the next generation of skyscrapers must embody environmental symbiosis, where engineering ingenuity and ecological consciousness converge to create structures that think, learn, and endure within an increasingly uncertain climate.
Earthquake Analysis and Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Structures Utilizing Various Approaches
The show discusses the Seismic Retrofitting of RCC Buildings using various retrofitting methods. A seismic tremor can threaten the lives of many people and cause damage to properties. Such disasters often lead to financial losses as well. In some cases, structural failure results in the collapse of buildings, putting lives at risk. Engineers focus on plans that can withstand repairable damage without collapsing. Therefore, there are certain methods to maintain buildings and prevent such damage, which is known as Seismic Retrofitting. Primarily, retrofitting is done for public properties like temples, hospitals, and monuments, as well as for private properties that are more vulnerable to seismic forces. Seismic retrofitting involves making existing buildings safer for earthquakes, usually by adding structural elements or installing devices that can resist the forces generated by seismic activity. During construction, many buildings are not reinforced properly. In many earthquake-prone areas, people do not consider seismic forces when designing and building structures. Retrofitting is aimed at improving construction quality and increasing the load-bearing capacity. This includes a variety of retrofitting methods such as bracing, jacketing, dampers, base isolation, and shear walls used in RCC buildings to enhance stiffness. Retrofitting leads to increased rigidity, reduced story drift, and decreased displacement.
Degradation of Phenol Using Adsorption Method
Phenol is one of the most hazardous organic pollutants released into the environment from industrial processes such as petrochemical manufacturing, resin and plastic production, pulp and paper bleaching, and pharmaceutical synthesis. It is characterized by high solubility, persistence, and toxicity even at trace concentrations, making its removal from wastewater a major environmental challenge. This study focuses on the degradation of phenol using the adsorption method, emphasizing the use of natural and low-cost bio-adsorbents such as rice husk. The experimental framework involved calibration of phenol concentration using UV–Visible spectrophotometry and batch adsorption experiments under controlled conditions. A calibration curve between absorbance and concentration yielded a strong linear correlation (R² = 0.9813), ensuring high analytical accuracy. The rice husk demonstrated an adsorption efficiency ranging from 36% to 65%, depending on treatment and pH, with optimum removal near neutral pH. The adsorption mechanism followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and conformed to the Langmuir isotherm, suggesting monolayer chemisorption. The results indicate that rice husk, as an eco-friendly alternative to activated carbon, offers a sustainable pathway for phenol removal in industrial wastewater treatment. The study concludes that adsorption is a robust, cost-effective, and scalable method that can significantly reduce the environmental burden of phenolic contamination when properly optimized.
Future Trends in Substation Risk Management
Substations are critical nodes in power transmission and distribution systems, and effective risk management is essential for ensuring system reliability, operational safety, and resilience against growing threats. This paper examines future trends in substation risk management, with a focus on advancements driven by digitalization, cyber-physical integration, artificial intelligence (AI), and climate resilience. As infrastructure ages and threats become increasingly complex, risk management in substations must evolve from reactive models to proactive, predictive, and adaptive frameworks. The study examines emerging technologies, regulatory frameworks, and data-driven strategies expected to shape the substation landscape over the next decade.
Techniques of Hybrid Annuity Mode Tender for Implementing Highway Projects
The Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM) has emerged as a significant financing and procurement approach for highway development in India, blending the strengths of the Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) and Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) models. This study examines the techniques of HAM tendering in implementing highway projects, with a focus on risk distribution, cost efficiency, and long-term sustainability. Under HAM, the government provides 40% of project cost as construction support, while the concessionaire finances the remaining 60%, recoverable through semi-annual annuity payments and toll-free operations. Tendering techniques emphasize transparent bidding, revenue certainty, and balanced allocation of risks related to land acquisition, financing, and operations. By ensuring faster financial closure, predictable cash flows, and reduced exposure to traffic risks, HAM has encouraged greater participation from private developers and financiers. This paper highlights the procedural framework, evaluation parameters, and implementation challenges of HAM tenders, providing insights into its effectiveness for accelerating highway infrastructure development.
Exploring the Combined Influence of Industrial and Agricultural Waste on Concrete Performance
Concrete remains one of the most widely used construction materials due to its durability, versatility, and cost-effectiveness. However, the rapid increase in the use of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), driven by expanding infrastructure and residential development, has raised significant environmental concerns. Cement manufacturing is responsible for nearly 7% of global CO₂ emissions, contributing heavily to climate change. Furthermore, large-scale extraction of natural resources such as limestone and river sand for cement and fine aggregates has resulted in severe environmental degradation. In response, several governments, especially in developing countries, have imposed restrictions on sand mining to mitigate these adverse effects. To address these challenges, researchers are increasingly investigating sustainable alternatives in concrete production. The use of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) including fly ash, slag, silica fume, rice husk ash, and metakaolin has shown promising results in enhancing mechanical strength, reducing permeability, and improving hydration properties of blended cement concretes. Despite this, many locally available pozzolanic materials remain underutilized due to insufficient characterization and limited research.
Seismic Performance Evaluation and Design of Multi-Storey Buildings
The primary objective of this study is to design and comparatively analyze a G+6 residential structure using ETABS and STAAD.Pro. Traditional manual design approaches are highly time-consuming and involve complex calculations, whereas modern software provides faster and more accurate results. These tools are user-friendly, efficient for research and design, and ensure greater precision in structural analysis. In this work, the design is carried out by applying the Limit State Method in accordance with relevant Indian Standard Codes and Practices. Both ETABS and STAAD.Pro are capable of advanced analysis, including finite element modeling, dynamic analysis, and result verification. STAAD.Pro, in particular, offers an intuitive interface, powerful design engines, visualization tools, and reliable assessment capabilities, making it one of the most preferred software among engineers. For the analysis, the G+6 structure is subjected to Dead Load, Live Load, Wind Load, and Seismic Load, with their combinations considered as per IS codes. The modeling process involves defining cross-sections of beams and columns, slab thickness, material properties, and boundary conditions. Once loads are applied, the model is analyzed through “Run Analysis” to check whether the structure is safe under the applied load combinations. Finally, a comparative study is conducted between ETABS and STAAD.Pro, focusing on the design of beams and columns. The outcome highlights which software provides a more effective and time-efficient solution for the design and analysis of multi-storey buildings.
Sustainable Water Infrastructure for Urbanizing Regions: Design and Validation of Aba North’s Multi-Component Supply System
Access to clean and safe drinking water is essential for public health and sustainable urban development. This study focuses on the design of components of a surface water-based municipal water supply scheme for Aba North LGA in Abia State, using Aba River as the raw water source. The objective was to develop an efficient and sustainable water supply system comprising an intake structure, water treatment plant, pumping station, storage facility, and distribution network to meet the daily water demand of the community. The methodology involved the design of a river intake structure to withdraw raw water efficiently. A water treatment plant was designed, incorporating screening, pre-sedimentation, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and disinfection to ensure water quality. A pumping station was developed, considering static head, friction losses, velocity head, and total head, with an appropriate pump capacity to ensure adequate water conveyance. The storage system included an elevated tank to regulate water supply, and the distribution network was designed using EPANET to ensure efficient water delivery across the study area. Simulation results showed that the designed system effectively met the required hydraulic performance criteria. The pressure values ranged from 13.94 m to 22.88 m, while velocity values ranged from 0.19 m/s to 1.09 m/s, ensuring adequate water flow across the network. The total pipe length covered 35,110 m, demonstrating the system’s ability to deliver water efficiently. The study concludes that the proposed design is capable of meeting the water demand of Aba North LGA, providing a reliable and sustainable water supply system for the community.
Comparative Structural Analysis of Intake Well Models Using Staad.Pro: Evaluating Displacements, Shear Forces, and Bending Moments
This study conducts a detailed structural performance evaluation of two intake well models (Model 1 and Model 2) using STAAD.Pro under various loading conditions. Critical response parameters including nodal displacements, shear forces, axial forces, and bending moments are analyzed along different heights and axes to assess structural behavior. Results indicate that Model 2 exhibits superior performance, with significantly reduced displacements at higher elevations (0 mm at 35 m vs. 129.57 mm in Model 1), optimized shear force distribution (zero shear at critical upper sections), and improved bending moment resistance (1355.379 KN-m vs. 1409.069 KN-m in Model 1 at 35 m). The findings highlight Model 2’s enhanced stiffness, better load distribution, and greater resilience against seismic and operational forces. Recommendations include adopting Model 2’s design refinements, further optimizing base-level reinforcement, and conducting dynamic analysis for real-world validation. This research provides valuable insights for improving the structural efficiency and safety of water intake well systems.
Study of Characteristic Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Ceramic Waste Powder A Review
In the construction industry, ceramic wall tiles are utilised as building materials. Due to this manufacturing variation, the temperature in the kiln fluctuates from 200°C to 1200°C, and the material possesses pozzolanic reactivity. During various manufacturing processes, 5–10% of the production in the ceramics industry is lost. The waste from the ceramic factory was dumped nearby, resulting in environmental pollution that harmed the nearby fields and residences. Therefore, incorporating ceramic waste powder in concrete would help save energy and safeguard the environment in a variety of ways. This research is based on secondary as well as primary data. This investigation highlighted the nature of concrete strength variation with increasing ceramic waste. The maximum strength gain occurs when 30% of cement is replaced by ceramic waste.
Study of Characteristic Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacing Cement with Ceramic Waste Powder
In the construction sector, ceramic wall tiles are commonly employed as essential building materials. These tiles are manufactured using a combination of raw substances such as clay, feldspar, dolomite, potash, talc, and chemical additives like sodium silicate, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), and others. The manufacturing process involves firing at varying temperatures, typically ranging from 200°C to 1200°C, which imparts pozzolanic properties to the material. During the tile manufacturing process, approximately 5–10% of the total production results in waste, although this figure can be reduced with the implementation of modern technologies in newer plants. Improper disposal of this ceramic waste often leads to environmental degradation, especially when dumped near agricultural lands, affecting both the ecosystem and nearby communities. It not only minimizes waste disposal issues and conserves natural resources by partially substituting raw materials but also contributes to lowering carbon emissions associated with cement manufacturing, a major source of CO₂. This study investigates the use of ceramic waste powder derived from the ceramic tile industry, in combination with hydraulic lime, as a partial replacement for cement in M25 grade concrete. The replacement was done incrementally at proportions of 0%, 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 40% by weight of cement to evaluate its impact on concrete performance and sustainability.
A Review on Strength Characteristics of Concrete Using Fly Ash and Steel Fiber under Alkaline Attack
This review paper investigates the experimental enhancement of concrete strength through the incorporation of industrial waste materials—specifically fly ash and steel fibers—under alkaline environmental exposure. Fly ash, a byproduct of thermal power plants, is utilized as a partial cement replacement to improve workability, durability, and environmental sustainability, while steel fibers enhance tensile strength and crack resistance. The review consolidates findings from various studies on the mechanical performance, durability characteristics, and microstructural changes of such concrete composites. Emphasis is placed on the influence of alkaline conditions, which simulate aggressive environments such as marine or industrial settings. Results indicate that optimal blending of fly ash and steel fibers can significantly improve concrete performance while reducing its environmental footprint. This review aims to support sustainable construction practices by promoting the reuse of industrial waste in high-performance concrete applications.
A Novel Approach for Reducing Risk in Project Bidding Management
Project bidding management is an important part of the engineering and building industries because it ensures that resources are used well, costs are kept low, and projects are finished on time. This process involves the solicitation of biddings from various contractors and vendors for a specific project and the subsequent evaluation and selection of the most suitable bidding. This article provides a comprehensive overview of project bidding management, encompassing key principles, methodologies, and best practices. It also highlights the significance of the integration of modern technologies and innovative approaches to enhance the efficiency and transparency of bidding processes. The paper also discusses challenges associated with project bidding and suggests potential solutions to mitigate risks and improve overall project outcomes. By delving into the intricacies of project bidding management, this research contributes valuable insights to practitioners, researchers, and stakeholders in the construction industry, fostering a deeper understanding of the critical factors that influence successful project bidding.
Utilization of Waste Materials (GGBS+FLY ASH) in Concrete
Concrete is an extensively used material in the construction industry. Normally the concrete is made up of cement, sand and coarse aggregate at the appropriate ratio as per the requirements. The cement used in the preparation of concrete has its own detrimental effect on health and the environment. Sand is a natural building material that depletes fast due to excessive usage. Sand mining done for construction purposes has its own impact on the environment. As a result, a concentrated effort has been made to use alternative technologies to replace cement and sand. As such, the main goal of this research is to suggest alternative approaches to address the issues of excessive sand utilization by agricultural wastes and industrial wastes and by-products.